Is There Any Mention of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Bible?

The question arises whether there is any mention of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Bible. Dhul-Qarnayn, a significant figure in Islamic tradition, is often associated with Alexander the Great. However, the biblical references to this character are quite limited and uncertain. This article aims to explore the presence or absence of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Bible, as well as provide insights into his identity and significance.

Introduction to Dhul-Qarnayn

Dhul-Qarnayn is a term that translates to 'Two-Horned,' a name that evokes a powerful and ancient figure in many cultures. In Islamic tradition, Dhul-Qarnayn is often identified with Alexander the Great, a renowned Macedonian king who was a military genius and a conqueror of vast territories. The name, however, is mentioned in varying contexts in different parts of the world.

Identification with Alexander the Great

The identification of Dhul-Qarnayn with Alexander the Great is firmly rooted in Islamic tradition. In many Islamic texts, Dhul-Qarnayn is depicted as a wise and just king, a great emperor, and a powerful warrior. The association with Alexander the Great is particularly strong in the Quran, where he is mentioned with respect and admiration. For instance, Surah Al-Kahf (Chapter 18) verse 83 of the Quran refers to him as 'Dhul-Qarnayn.'

Mention in the Maccabees

The most notable biblical reference to Dhul-Qarnayn, or Alexander the Great, is found in the books of the Maccabees. Maccabees is part of the Deuterocanonical Apocrypha, a group of books considered canonical scripture by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches. However, these books are not recognized as part of the biblical canon by most Protestant denominations and major branches of Judaism.

The books of the Maccabees contain multiple references to Dhul-Qarnayn, known here as 'Alexander the Great the son of Phillip the Macedonian.' These mentions highlight his role as a conqueror and a benevolent ruler. For example, in 2 Maccabees 9:15-16, Alexander is described as a great king who conquered many lands and was considered wise and just.

In 1 Maccabees 1:13-19, Alexander is mentioned as one of the rulers who conquered and subjugated the known world. His actions are described as bringing order and peace to his lands, highlighting his significant historical role.

Canonical Status

The recognition of the Maccabees as a part of the biblical canon varies widely among different religious traditions. While the deuterocanonical books, including Maccabees, are included in the Old Testament of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, they are not part of the Protestant or Jewish canon.

The Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, is the central religious text of Judaism and contains the books of the Hebrew Bible. It does not include the deuterocanonical books, such as the Maccabees, which means that there is no direct mention of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Tanakh from a Jewish perspective.

Conclusion

Dhul-Qarnayn is a figure of significant importance in Islamic tradition and a notable conquering king in history. While his name is mentioned in the Maccabees, which are found in some versions of the Bible, his presence in the biblical canon varies. The identification of Dhul-Qarnayn with Alexander the Great is well-established in Islamic literature and thought, but the biblical context is limited. Understanding the historical and cultural context is crucial to comprehending the significance of Dhul-Qarnayn's identity and role.

For further reading on the topic of Dhul-Qarnayn in the Bible, the Maccabees, and the canonical status of biblical texts, consider consulting the following resources:

The New Oxford Annotated Bible (revised third edition) for information on biblical texts and their canonicity. Islamic texts such as the Quran and Hadith collections for insights into the figure of Dhul-Qarnayn. Historical texts and biographies of Alexander the Great for a deeper understanding of his legacy.