Persian Perspectives on Alexander the Great

Do the Persians have a different view of Alexander the Great than the Macedonians themselves? This article explores the Persian perspective on Alexander, examining both the admiration and animosity expressed towards this legendary conqueror.

Introduction to Alexandrian Legend in Iran

When we hear about Alexander the Great in Iran, it's often more intriguing than what the Macedonians themselves believe. While we acknowledge his military prowess, we too hold him in reverence, yet with a complex mix of admiration and resentment rooted in historical narratives and personal histories.

Myths and Legends

The Persians have created numerous stories and legends about Alexander, most notably the tale of Aryobarzan. This epic figure is often portrayed as a Persian warrior unifying against Macedonian forces. Similarly, the burning of Persepolis by Alexander remains a symbolic event that is never forgotten or forgiven. The Persian narrative often characterizes Alexander as a brutal invader who defiled their culture and heritage.

Historical Accounts: Persian and Non-Greco-Roman Sources

While contemporary Persian sources are scarce, later Persian records provide valuable insights into the Persian perspective of Alexander. The most notable document, the Ardā Wīrāz nāmag from the Sassanian era (c. 224 CE - c. 651 CE), offers a glimpse into the views held by early Persian scholars and citizens. This Middle Persian text speaks of Alexander as an evil being who sought to corrupt the Zoroastrian faith.

Excerpt from Ardā Wīrāz nāmag

The passage from the Ardā Wīrāz nāmag reads:

They say that once upon a time the pious Zorawisht made the religion which he had received current in the world and till the completion of 300 years the religion was in purity and men were without doubts. But afterward the accursed evil spirit the wicked one in order to make men doubtful of this religion instigated the accursed Alexander the Roman who was dwelling in Egypt so that he came to the country of Iran with severe cruelty and war and devastation he also slew the ruler of Iran and destroyed the metropolis and empire and made them desolate. And this religion namely all the Avesta and Zand written upon prepared cow-skins and with gold ink was deposited in the archives in Stakhar Papakan and the hostility of the evil-destined wicked Ashemok the evil-doer brought onward Alexander the Roman who was dwelling in Egypt and he burned them up.

This passage clearly illustrates that Alexander was not Roman, but Macedonian. However, the text was likely compiled under Sassanian patronage, during a time when Macedonia and other Greek provinces had fallen under Roman and Byzantine control.

Impact and Legacy

There's no doubt that Alexander's invasion had a profound impact on the Achaemenid Empire and its capital Persepolis. Ancient and medieval sources acknowledge the widespread destruction and looting. Yet to the Persians of earlier times, Alexander the Great was often referred to as Khājastkār-e-Emrāyā, or Alexander the accursed. His actions were seen not just as military conquest but as a desecration of Persian cultural and religious values.

Conclusion

While the Persian and Macedonian perspectives on Alexander the Great differ significantly, both emphasize his military prowess. However, the Persian narrative portrays him as an invader who brought darkness and destruction, contrasting with the Macedonian view of him as a brilliant and heroic conqueror.

Understanding both perspectives enriches our understanding of the complex historical and cultural interactions that shaped the ancient world. Whether appreciated or despised, Alexander's legacy continues to captivate historians and scholars alike.