The Feudal Hierarchy and Social Etiquette in The Lord of the Rings: Why Sam Calls Frodo His ‘Master’

In J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the relationship between Samwise Gamgee and Frodo Baggins is an intriguing reflection of the feudal-like social order within the Shire. As Frodo's loyal servant and friend, Sam often calls him 'master,' a term that carries a significant weight in understanding the dynamics of their bond and the broader context of Tolkien's wartime-inspired social commentary.

Understanding the Context

Sam calls Frodo 'master' because of their clear social hierarchy. In the Shire, as in feudal societies, social class and roles were closely adhered to. Sam, a humble gardener and loyal companion, serves a higher social standing figure in the form of Frodo. This use of the term 'master' is a reflection of the feudal social structure where respect and formality were key elements of interaction. For Tolkien, who modeled the Shire after his own pre-Industrial England, this hierarchy was a nod to the class distinctions that were prevalent in his own experience.

Evolving Perception of 'Master'

While the term 'master' may seem jarring to modern ears, it is essential to understand its connotations in a historical context. Up until the 1960s, the term 'master' was widely used in employment contexts, reflecting a deferential attitude towards a superior. The term could also be used to describe a teacher, as in 'master/mistress,' emphasizing a sense of respect and authority. In this light, Sam's use of the term for Frodo is not only about recognizing the social order but also a form of deep respect and admiration.

The Literary Parallel: Charles Dickens

The use of 'master' in The Lord of the Rings can be paralleled with Charles Dickens' work. In David Copperfield, David is referred to with similar terms of respect, such as "Sir" or "Young Master David." This highlights the strong social stratification and the deference shown to those of higher social standing, particularly among the gentry. Like in The Lord of the Rings, these social norms and expectations were a reflection of the real-world social structures that influenced Dickens' and Tolkien's creations.

Modern Confusion and Context

As an American teenager reading Dickens, the use of such formal terms would have been confusing and perhaps even slightly puzzling. The relationship dynamics between characters, where a young boy could be treated both as an equal and as an authority, can only be fully appreciated in the context of the historical and cultural background. For British readers, this kind of formal regard and deference might be more familiar, exemplified by the term 'sir' or the respectful use of 'master/mistress.'

Conclusion

The use of 'master' in The Lord of the Rings is a reflection of the feudal social structure and the hierarchical dynamics that governed interactions in the Shire. It is a term that carries the weight of historical and cultural context, emphasizing respect and recognition of social standing. By understanding this usage, readers gain deeper insight into Tolkien's creation and the real-world influences that shaped it.