Introduction

Historians often debate whether Octavius betrayed Cicero or was driven by a more strategic decision. While Octavius, adopting the name Augustus, is often viewed as the 'nephew' and son of Julius Caesar, his political choices during the tumultuous period following Julius's assassination were closely aligned with those of Mark Antony. This article explores the reasons behind Cicero's ultimate fate and whether betrayal truly occurred.

Cicero was a pivotal figure in Roman politics, admired for his oratory and philosophical contributions. However, his relationship with the emerging triumvirate, particularly Octavius and Mark Antony, proved to be tenuous and ultimately fatal. We will delve into the political ramifications and the historical context that led to this coercive decision.

The Political Landscape Around 44 BC

Support for the Optimate Cause in 49 BC

In 49 BC, the civil war between the Populares (Caesar) and the Optimates (Pompey) was in full swing. Cicero was a strong supporter of the Optimate faction. His loyalties were clear, and he supported the side opposing Julius Caesar. When the civil war ended in 45 BC with Caesar's decisive victory, Cicero chose to stay silent, refraining from further political involvement to avoid antagonizing the new power.

Assassination of Caesar and the Reaction of Cicero

After Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 BC, Cicero rejoiced, praising the conspirators for assassinating the tyrant. His enthusiastic support for the murder of Caesar alienated him from the new political leaders. The two primary players, Octavius and Mark Antony, sought to restore order and punish those responsible for the assassination, including Cicero.

The Path to Murder and the Role of Octavius

After Caesar's assassination, the situation polarized into two factions: Octavius and Antony, aligned with the Optimates, and Antony and the opposing Populares group, now centered around Lepidus. This intricate balance of power led to measures like the proscription lists, where the property of targeted individuals was confiscated, and they were forced into exile or exiled permanently.

The Proscription Lists and Cicero's Inclusion

Cicero's name appeared on such a list, likely due to his public denunciations of Mark Antony. Despite his earlier support, Cicero's condemnation of Antony ultimately led to his inclusion on the list of traitors to be punished.

Octavius's Decision

Octavius, while initially reluctant to harm Cicero, felt bound by his alliance with Mark Antony. Consulting a cost-benefit analysis, Octavius decided that favoring Cicero would be detrimental to his political ambitions. By choosing to align with Antony, Octavius secured a more stable political future. Therefore, he allowed Cicero's execution to proceed without direct interference.

Impact on Cicero's Family

The fallout from this decision was not as harsh as one might expect. Cicero's ex-wife Terentia lived a long life, passing away in AD 6. Cicero's son, Cicero Minor, also survived and went on to have a successful career and lived until at least 28 BC.

Conclusion

Was Octavius a betrayer? Historically, the answer can be nuanced. While the decision to allow Cicero's execution may have been driven by strategic political interests, it cannot be considered outright betrayal when viewed within the broader historical context. Octavius had to balance his own future alongside his alliance with Antony, making the decision to sacrifice Cicero a pragmatic choice rather than a personal one.