The British Mandate and the Roots of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An Analysis of British Policies and Legacy

Understanding the historical context of the British Mandate in Palestine, particularly in relation to its impact on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is crucial for comprehending the complex dynamics at play. This article delves into the policies and legacy of the British Mandate, examining the role of individuals such as Orde Wingate and Moshe Dayan, and the lasting repercussions on contemporary conflicts.

Overview of the British Mandate

The British Mandate over Palestine, established in 1922, spanned from 1923 to 1948. This period was marked by significant events that would eventually shape the modern Middle East. The British, through their involvement in the region, aimed to fulfill the promises made by the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which supported the creation of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

Contradictory British Policies

A critical review of British policies during the Mandate reveals contradictions and shifting alliances. Initially, the British played a pivotal role in supporting the formation of the State of Israel, as evidenced by the Peel Commission and the subsequent creation of the Jewish Legion (1918-1920). However, this support was not consistent, and the British gradually shifted their focus to appease and support the Arab population in the region.

During 1948, the British withdrew from Palestine, but the situation on the ground remained volatile. The U.N. partition plan of 1947 was rejected by the Arab League, leading to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. This war marked the end of the British Mandate and the beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as we know it today.

Orde Wingate: A Controversial Figure

Orde Wingate, a British officer, played a significant role in preparing for the Arab-Israeli conflict. He was known for his controversial tactics, including the establishment of the Special Night Squads. According to Matti Friedman's article, Wingate is celebrated in Israel as one of its founding fathers, despite his reputation as a brutal military commander.

In Jerusalem, a memorial service was held in 2012 to honor Wingate, who died in Burma 68 years prior. This celebration highlights the complex legacy of British involvement in the region. Moshe Dayan, a prominent Israeli military leader and politician, was a student of Wingate and admired his methods. Dayan's autobiography details the influence of Wingate's teachings on his own military strategies.

British Support of the Jordanian Army

It is important to note that British support for the Arab side was not limited to the Special Night Squads. In 1948, the British supported and armed the Jordanian army, including providing them with a British general, John Glubb. This support underscores the multifaceted nature of British involvement in the region during the Mandate era.

House Demolitions and Military Cooperation

The British Mandate also left a legacy of practices that would be echoed in subsequent Israeli military operations. For instance, house demolitions—a tactic used to prevent Arab Palestinians from reclaiming abandoned properties—were first employed during the Mandate period. Similarly, the emergency laws, counterinsurgency tactics, and the use of special night squads were all tactics that would later be adopted by the Israeli military in its ongoing conflict with the Palestinians.

Conclusion

The British Mandate in Palestine was characterized by a complex set of policies and practices that had long-lasting impacts on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. From the creation of the Jewish Legion to the controversial tactics of Orde Wingate, and from British support of the Jordanian army to the legacy of house demolitions and emergency laws, the British Mandate set the stage for many of the issues that continue to shape the region today.

Understanding this legacy is essential for any analysis of the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian conflict, highlighting the intertwining of historical and political factors that have shaped the region over the past century.