Is Satan the Hero of 'Paradise Lost'?

The question of whether Satan from 'Paradise Lost' by John Milton is a hero or an antagonist has long been debated. While many scholars and readers see Satan as a corrupting influence, some argue that he embodies qualities traditionally associated with heroic figures. This article explores the arguments for and against Satan being considered a hero and discusses the broader implications of such an interpretation.

The Controversial Debate

The debate around Satan's heroic status in 'Paradise Lost' is a contentious one. Some scholars attribute this interpretation to later historians and followers of Milton after his death. These scholars argue that later interpretations borrowed from pagan concepts and distorted the original meaning. In his time, Milton himself was part of the anti-Trinitarian movement, which further complicates his intentions regarding Satan's character.

Milton's Interpretation of Satan

Milton portrays Satan in a sympathetic light, especially compared to earlier portrayals. Despite his falls and exile, Satan remains steadfast in his beliefs and is a symbol of hope for freedom from divine authority. In a pivotal moment in the poem, Satan declares, 'Better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven.' This statement has been interpreted as a heroic stance against oppression and tyranny.

Historical and Modern Perspectives

The question of whether Satan is a hero in 'Paradise Lost' is multifaceted. Many readers argue that Satan's refusal to submit to divine authority and his desire to give freedom to others makes him a hero. However, this interpretation is not without its critics. Some argue that Satan is more of an antagonist, embodying the sin of pride and rebellion.

Milton himself may not have intended Satan to be a hero, as his work often satirizes and critiques human folly. Nevertheless, the poem's enduring popularity and the depth of its themes mean that it can be interpreted in multiple ways, including the heroic interpretation of Satan.

The Heroic Fall

The concept of the 'heroic fall' is a common theme in literature, particularly in epic poetry. Satan's fall from grace can be seen as a tragedy, but one that is also a triumph of human (or angelic) will. His determination to challenge divine authority and seek freedom, even in the face of exile and damnation, makes him a complex and sympathetic character.

The heroic fall is often associated with redemption and transformation, but Satan's fall might also be seen as a manifestation of evil and pride. This duality makes him a compelling character, capable of inspiring both admiration and disdain.

Shifting Meanings and Interpretations

Interpreting the meaning of 'Paradise Lost' is further complicated by the shifting meanings and interpretations over time. Some scholars argue that the meaning of the poem should be considered in the context of Milton's personal and political beliefs, while others focus on how readers at the time might have understood the work.

The more modern interpretation of Satan as a hero might be seen as a reflection of contemporary values, especially those that emphasize individual freedom and resistance to authority. This interpretation can be seen as a critical response to the hierarchical structures that many contemporary readers perceive as oppressive.

Conclusion

Whether Satan can be considered a hero in 'Paradise Lost' is a matter of interpretation. While Milton's intentions may not have been to create a heroic Satan, the poem's complex and multifaceted characters allow for a range of interpretations. By examining the heroic qualities attributed to Satan, such as his defiance and his desire for freedom, one can see why some readers might find him a sympathetic and heroic figure.

The debate over Satan's heroic status in 'Paradise Lost' is a fascinating example of how literature can be read and interpreted in different ways. Whether he is a hero, an antagonist, or something in between, Satan remains a character of intrigue and debate, embodying the complex moral ambiguities of Milton's epic poem.