Exploring Shakespearean Sonnets: Rhyme Schemes and Their Impact

Shakespearean sonnets hold a significant place in the English literary canon, with many of them adhering to a specific rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. This structure, while uniform, offers a distinct rhythmic pattern and thematic conclusion that sets it apart from other poetic forms, particularly the Italian Petrarchan sonnet. This article delves into the intricacies of the Shakespearean sonnet's rhyme scheme and the characteristics that make it a compelling and enduring form of poetry.

Understanding the ABCDEFGH Rhythm

Most Shakespearean sonnets follow the classic ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme. This means the lines are structured in quatrains (four-line stanza) with the first two lines (quatrains) and the second two lines (quatrains) following the same rhyme pattern. The final couplet (the last two lines) often provides a conclusion or a moral to the poem. The GG couplet, as mentioned, typically sums up the argument or sentiment introduced in the octet and sextet, offering a complete resolution to the poem.

Comparison with Petrarchan Sonnet

The Shakespearean sonnet is distinct from the Petrarchan sonnet, which follows an octave-sestet rhyme scheme (ABBA ABBA CDECDE or CDCDCD). The Petrarchan sonnet is divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), which often provides a more subtle shift in perspective or conclusion. However, English does not have a rich variety of rhymes like Italian, and this limitation may contribute to the allure of Shakespeare’s “summing up” couplet in his sonnets.

Shakespeare’s Rhyme-Impoverishment

Given the comparative paucity of rhymes in English compared to Italian, one might wonder how Shakespeare managed to create his famous sonnets. His use of the ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme is a testament to his creative genius. Shakespeare's sonnets, such as Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? (Sonnet 18) and From Darkness to Dawn (Sonnet 55), demonstrate how he manages to use the limited resources to great effect.

In Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?, the rhyme scheme not only provides a musical quality to the poem but also reinforces the ideas within it. The first quatrain introduces the idea of comparing the beloved to a summer day, while the second quatrain provides contrasting imagery (sometimes literally opposite in nature, such as the fair youth being faultless while the sunny day has clouds). The analysis and comparison culminate in the couplet, which famously suggests that while a summer's day may have its faults, the youth will endure through the verse.

From Darkness to Dawn (Sonnet 55) is another example where the rhyme scheme facilitates the rhythm and thematic depth. The rhyme scheme reinforces the theme of immortality through verse, contrasting the transience of beauty and fame (roses and fair youth) with the permanence of poetry. The concluding couplet transforms the preceding lines, solidifying the idea that poetry is the key to everlasting life.

Conclusion: A Modern Perspective

While Shakespeare’s couplet may come across as pompous or pedantic to some readers, it is important to note the significance of the final couplet in providing closure and ultimate wisdom to the poem. This form, while perhaps challenging due to the limited rhymes in English, allows for powerful and succinct conclusions. In an age where poetry can be challenging to read and understand, the structured form of the Shakespearean sonnet, particularly the GG couplet, provides a clear and satisfying resolution.

Additional Insights

Shakespeare’s usage of the ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme is just one aspect of his poetic genius. The rhythm, the imagery, and the thematic depth of his sonnets all contribute to their enduring appeal. Even today, readers and scholars continue to explore and appreciate the complexity and beauty of Shakespeare’s sonnets. Understanding the rhyme scheme and its impact is a crucial step in appreciating the intricacies of these works.