Distinguishing 'But', 'However', 'Nevertheless', and 'Notwithstanding' in English Writing

When it comes to using conjunctions and adverbs to introduce a contrast or an exception in writing, choosing the right word can enhance the clarity and formality of your text. This article will explore the nuances and appropriate usage of 'but', 'however', 'nevertheless', and 'notwithstanding'. Understanding these distinctions can help you choose the right word based on the context and desired tone of your writing.

The Role of Different Words in Contrast

These words are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation, but their precise usage and connotations can vary, making them important to distinguish in formal or academic writing. Let's dive into the details.

The Word 'But'

Type: Conjunction

Usage: 'But' is used to introduce a contrast or an exception in a straightforward and informal way. It is often more casual and less formal than the others, making it suitable for everyday conversation or less formal writing.

Example:

He wanted to go to the movies, but he had a lot of work to do.

The Word 'However'

Type: Conjunctive adverb

Usage: 'However' is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts the preceding statement. It is often more formal than 'but' and is used to add a stronger sense of contrast.

Example:

She was excited about the trip, however, she had a severe allergy to peanuts.

The Word 'Nevertheless'

Type: Conjunctive adverb

Usage: 'Nevertheless' is also a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a statement that contrasts with the preceding statement. It is very similar to 'however' and can often be used interchangeably. 'Nevertheless' might convey a slightly stronger sense of persistence despite previous challenges or expectations.

Example:

He was told that he couldn't go to the party, nevertheless, he went.

The Word 'Notwithstanding'

Type: Preposition/conjunction

Usage: 'Notwithstanding' is used to indicate that something is true despite what has just been mentioned. It is more formal and often used in legal or formal texts, emphasizing the exception or the contradiction in a strong and absolute manner.

Example:

Notwithstanding the weather conditions, the event was held as planned.

Summary of Distinctions

Formality: 'Notwithstanding' is the most formal, followed by 'nevertheless', 'however', and 'but'. 'But' is the most informal, while 'notwithstanding' conveys the strongest sense of an exception.

Positioning: 'But' is generally used mid-sentence or at the end of a clause, while the others—'however', 'nevertheless', and 'notwithstanding'—are typically placed at the beginning of a sentence or clause for emphasis.

Emphasis: 'Notwithstanding' carries the most emphasis, followed by 'nevertheless' and 'however'. 'But' has the least emphasis due to its more casual usage.

Examples of Usage

Here are some examples to illustrate the differences and proper usage:

But: Mary was asked to her sister’s wedding, but she was unwell so she was unable to attend. However: John wanted to see his sister when he visited Rome, however, it was not possible because she was visiting friends in Naples. Nevertheless: Despite the invasion, the resistance movement continued to operate, nevertheless. Notwithstanding: Notwithstanding the ongoing protests, the law was passed unanimously by the parliament.

Etymology and Historical Context

Let's delve a bit deeper into the historical and etymological backgrounds of 'nevertheless' and 'notwithstanding'.

Nonetheless: 'None the less' got contracted into one word from 'none the less' by around the 1930s. The term can be thought of as a complement or celebration that, despite being minimal, holds meaningful value.

Nevertheless: In the early 14th century, the phrase was 'neuer te lesse' which later evolved into one word by the end of the 14th century. The 'never-' in 'nevertheless' doesn't signify 'not ever' but rather 'none the less' or 'not at all'. An example: 'Unemployment rates used by the President do not include people who have quit looking for jobs. So the quoted rates are true but nevertheless they are misleading figures.'

Notwithstanding: The word can function as a preposition, conjunction, or adverb. Its etymology stems from 'withstanding' meaning to stand against or resist something. Example: 'Notwithstanding the harsh weather conditions, the project was completed on time.'

Conclusion

Understanding the distinctions between 'but', 'however', 'nevertheless', and 'notwithstanding' can greatly enhance the clarity and formality of your writing. Each word has its own nuances, level of formality, and emphasis. Proper usage can help convey the intended message more effectively, whether you are writing a formal report, an academic paper, or a personal letter.

By choosing the right word, you can ensure that your writing is both clear and articulate, making it easier for your readers to understand your intended meaning.