Did J.R.R. Tolkien Draw Inspiration from the Ancient Middle East for His Middle-earth?

While J.R.R. Tolkien is renowned for drawing from Northern European myths, particularly Norse and Anglo-Saxon traditions, his legendarium is far more complex. Many scholars and fans of his works have noticed a surprising influence from the ancient Middle East. In this article, we explore how Tolkien drew inspiration from ancient Middle Eastern cultures such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, and how these influences are manifested in his creation of Middle-earth.

Language and Philology

Tolkien was a philologist who delved deeply into the study of various ancient languages, including Semitic languages. His academic background greatly shaped his linguistic creativity. This influence can be observed in the detailed linguistic structures and names he created for his characters and locations. For example, the names like Numenor, Harad, and Mordor incorporate elements that echo ancient languages and have resonances with the ancient Middle East.

Mythological Themes

The thematic elements in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion mirror many ancient Near Eastern myths and scriptures. Concepts like creation, destruction, the struggle between good and evil, and the presence of divine beings are found in both Tolkien’s works and ancient Near Eastern narratives. For instance, the idea of a great flood, legendary heroes, and a dark lord are common to both cultures. The Epic of Gilgamesh, which itself is rich in mythological themes, shares striking similarities with Tolkien’s narratives.

Cultural Elements

Tolkien’s works are replete with cultural and religious elements that draw parallels with the ancient Middle East. The idea of a fallen world and the presence of a dark lord, such as Morgoth in The Silmarillion, can be compared to ancient figures like Tiamat and Marduk from Mesopotamian myths. Additionally, the Haradrim, a significant group in The Lord of the Rings, bear a striking resemblance to ancient Egyptian and Libyan cultures. The inclusion of names like B?or, Beregond, and Boromir also reflect a deeper connection with the ancient cultures of the Middle East.

Specific Cases of Influence

In his very early writings, Tolkien mentions Babylon and Nineveh, which are recognizable as Babylonia and Nineveh from the ancient Middle East. In his account, Men first awake in Mesopotamia, which leads to the likely identification of Hildorien with Mesopotamia. The Haradrim, particularly the Corsairs of Umbar, seem to draw from Egyptian and Libyan influences. These details are evident in the descriptions and cultural practices of the Haradrim, which include elements reminiscent of ancient maritime and agricultural cultures.

Conclusion

While the primary influences on Tolkien’s Middle-earth are from Northern Europe, the inclusion of ancient Middle Eastern elements is undeniable. Tolkien’s rich and complex world reflects a diverse array of inspirations, making it one of literature’s most captivating and versatile legendariums. Whether it’s through language, mythology, or cultural elements, the influence of the ancient Middle East is a crucial part of his narrative fabric.

Keywords: J.R.R. Tolkien, Middle-earth, Ancient Middle East, Influence, Mythology